Pancreatic cancer causes and risk factors

Pancreatic cancer is the eighth most common cancer in women, and the eleventh most common cancer in men in the UK. Each year, there are around 4000 new cases in women, and around 4000 cases in men. As with many types of cancer, the causes of pancreatic cancer are unclear. Although certain pancreatic cancer risk factors have been identified, the story is far from complete.

Pancreatic cancer causes are still unknown

Pancreatic cancer develops when a cell in the pancreas acquires damage to its DNA that causes it to behave and multiply abnormally. A single cancer cell grows and divides rapidly, becoming a tumour that that can directly invade other parts of the body adjacently, or can travel elsewhere in the body (metastasise) through the blood or lymphatic system.

No one knows exactly how the process of DNA damage leading to pancreatic cancer happens. Analysing pancreatic cancers removed by surgery shows certain mutations that occur in nearly all cases, and others that vary between people.

Some of these mutations happen randomly. Others occur in response to things we do or experience in the environment. Some may be inherited. (What, when, and how each mutation occurs is beyond experts' current understanding.) When enough mutations accumulate, a cell becomes malignant and a tumour begins to grow.

Pancreatic cancer risk factors

No one understands the underlying causes of pancreatic cancer, but certain risk factors for pancreatic cancer have been identified. These factors are present more often in people who get pancreatic cancer than in people who don't.

There are multiple pancreatic risk factors, although most are only weakly associated with pancreatic cancer. Many people with pancreatic cancer don't have any one risk factor.

About one in 10,000 people each year in the U.K will develop pancreatic cancer. People with any of the pancreatic risk factors are at slightly higher risk than the general population:

• Genetics. Five percent to 10% of people with pancreatic cancer have an immediate family member who also has pancreatic cancer. Several different genes have been associated with the increased risk, although no "pancreatic cancer gene" has yet been identified.
• Diabetes. People with diabetes are slightly more likely to get pancreatic cancer. There's some controversy in these cases as to whether diabetes causes pancreatic cancer, or if the pancreas starts to malfunction before cancer develops, causing diabetes.
• Smoking. Cigarette smoking is well known to increase the risk for pancreatic cancer. The more a person smokes, the higher the risk of pancreatic cancer.
• Obesity and inactivity. In a study of 88,000 nurses, those who were obese (body mass index higher than 30) were more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. Those who exercised frequently were about half as likely to get pancreatic cancer, compared to those who did not exercise at all.
• Diet. Can what we eat cause pancreatic cancer? A diet high in fat and meat (especially smoked or processed meat) has been linked to pancreatic cancer in some studies. Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables decreased pancreatic cancer risk in other studies. Still other studies suggest there's no identifiable link between diet and pancreatic cancer.
• Lycopene and selenium. Some studies have shown low levels of these nutrients in some people who developed pancreatic cancer. However, that's not proof that low levels cause pancreatic cancer, though. Any diet that includes lean meat and red or yellow vegetables should provide adequate lycopene and selenium. 

Eliminating your risk factors for pancreatic cancer won't reduce your pancreatic cancer risk entirely. But eating a healthy diet, keeping a healthy weight, and exercising frequently will improve overall health, and reduce your risk of other health problems.