Understanding the menopause - the basics

What is the menopause?

Menopause simply means the end of menstruation. As a woman ages, there is a gradual decline in the function of her ovaries and the production of oestrogen. Around the time a woman turns 40, this process speeds up. This period of transition to the menopause is known as the perimenopause.

Women typically menstruate for the last time at about 50 years of age. A few stop menstruating as young as 40, and a very small percentage as late as 60. Women who smoke tend to go through the menopause a few years earlier than nonsmokers. Most women notice some menstrual changes - such as a shortening of cycle length (periods occurring closer together), skipped menstrual periods, and occasional heavy periods - up to a few years before menstruation ceases.

There is great variation in experience of the menopause among women. About 75% of women have hot flushes. Night-time hot flushes are more common and may result in chronic sleep deprivation. Mood changes aren't as well understood, but some women report an obvious change in mood. In addition, women may experience vaginal dryness, painful intercourse, and urinary symptoms. These symptoms are often temporary and pass as your body adjusts. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help relieve the symptoms in the meantime.

However, the menopause does increase your risk of osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) and heart disease. Talk to your doctor about how you can decrease these risks.