Tips to manage stress

Managing stress is important for our mental and physical health. Unrelenting stress can turn to distress. Stress is the body's reaction to any change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. Stress is a normal part of life. Many events that happen to you and around you - and many things that you do to yourself - put stress on your body. Some stress can be good. It keeps us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger, but too much stress can make us sick.

How does stress affect health?

The body's autonomic nervous system has a built-in stress response that causes physiological changes to allow the body to combat stressful situations. This stress response, also known as the ‘fight or flight response’, is activated in case of an emergency. However this response can become chronically activated during prolonged periods of stress, which can cause wear and tear on the body - both physical and emotional.

Stress that continues without relief can lead to a condition called distress - a negative stress reaction. Distress can disturb the body's internal balance or equilibrium, leading to physical symptoms such as headaches, an upset stomach, elevated blood pressure, chest pain, sexual dysfunction and problems sleeping. Emotional problems can also result from distress. These problems include depression, panic attacks and other forms of anxiety and worry. Research suggests that stress can also bring on or worsen certain symptoms or diseases. Stress is linked to six of the leading causes of death: heart disease, cancer, lung ailments, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver and suicide.

Stress also becomes harmful when people engage in the compulsive use of substances or behaviours to try to relieve their stress. These substances or behaviours may include food, alcohol, tobacco, drugs, gambling, sex, shopping and the Internet. Rather than relieving the stress and returning the body to a relaxed state, these substances and compulsive behaviours tend to keep the body in a stressed state causing more problems. The distressed person becomes trapped in a vicious circle.

What are the warning signs of stress?

Chronic stress can wear down the body's natural defences, leading to a variety of physical symptoms including:

• Dizziness or a general feeling of ‘being unwell’
• General aches and pains
• Grinding teeth, clenched jaw
• Headaches
• Indigestion or acid reflux symptoms
• Increase in or loss of appetite
• Muscle tension in neck, face or shoulders
• Problems sleeping
• Racing heart
• Cold and sweaty palms
• Tiredness, exhaustion
• Trembling/shaking
• Weight gain or loss
• Upset stomach, diarrhoea
• Sexual difficulties

Tips for reducing stress

People can learn to manage stress and lead happier, healthier lives. Here are some tips to help you keep stress at bay.

• Keep a positive attitude.
• Accept that there are events that you cannot control.
• Be assertive instead of aggressive. Assert your feelings, opinions or beliefs instead of becoming angry, defensive or passive.
• Learn and practise relaxation techniques; try meditation, yoga or t’ai chi.
• Exercise regularly. Your body can fight stress better when it is fit.
• Eat healthy, well-balanced meals.
• Learn to manage your time more effectively.
• Set limits appropriately and say no to requests that would create excessive stress in your life.
• Make time for hobbies and interests.
• Get enough rest and sleep. Your body needs time to recover from stressful events.
• Don't rely on alcohol, drugs or compulsive behaviours to reduce stress.
• Seek out social support. Spend enough time with those you love.
• Seek treatment with a psychologist or other mental health professional trained in stress management or biofeedback techniques to learn more healthy ways of dealing with the stress in your life.